Determination of level of pilling in the woven fabric by the Martindale Method.

Pilling is the formation of bunches or balls of tangled fibers, which are held to the surface of a fabric by one or more fibers. The resistance to the formation of pills on the surface of a textile fabric is known as pilling resistance.

Determination of Bending Length of the woven fabric.

Abstract:

In this experiment the bending length of the cotton woven fabric has been determined. The bending length is very important factor which determines the flexibility of the fabric. The bending length in both the warp and weft direction of the fabric is important in calculating the flexibility of the fabric. The warp and weft-wise bending length hence determined in this experiment and results has been discussed.

Determination of tear strength of fabric.

In this experiment the tear strength of the 100% cotton grey fabric was determined by using Falling Pendulum (Elmendorf's) Apparatus. Slit is centrally precut in a test specimen held between two clamps and the specimen is torn through a fixed distance. The resistance to tearing is in part factored into the scale reading of the instrument and is computed from this reading and the pendulum capacity.

Determination of tensile strength of cotton grey fabric by strip method.

Abstract:

In this experiment the tensile strength of cotton grey fabric was calculated having a plain weave design. The experiment was performed according to the ASTM test method D5035. The tensile strength of fabric from both warp-wise and weft-wise direction was calculated. It was noted that warp-wise strength of fabric is more than that of weft-wise tensile strength.

Compare the tensile strength of Ring spun and Rotor spun yarns having same count (20s).

Abstract:

In this experiment different properties of ring and rotor spun yarns were compared. The properties studied are breaking work, breaking force, tenacity and elongation of ring and rotor yarns. The yarns used for this experiment both have 10s count. The results showed that the ring spun yarns have good properties then the rotor spun yarns.

To compare the single yarn strength of given sample of yarns having different twists and same count (20s).

Abstract

The strength of a yarn greatly depend upon its twists per unit inch also called TPI. Yarn is simply a strand of fibers. Fibers are joined together to form a yarn. The binding force between the fibers is the twist given to the yarn at the time of spinning. The twist gave the fibers a binding force to make a yarn. This twist is very important for the yarn because it determines many characteristic properties of the yarn like air permeability, moisture absorption, feeling, dye ability and strength.

This experiment is conducted to check the strength of yarn at different twists levels. The yarn twist has an optimum value by-passing which the strength of yarn starts decreasing. This is called the optimum twist. Yarn length also start deceasing by over-twisting.

To compare Tensile Strength and CLSP of different type of yarns having same count (20s).

Abstract:
In this experiment, different types of yarns were studied under the parameters of tensile strength and CLSP. The yarns that were studied in this experiment are 100% cotton yarns, nylon/cotton blended yarns and CVC yarns, all having 20s count. Through the lea method the tensile strength of these yarns were calculated. Results shows us that the nylon/cotton yarns has the highest strength. While the strength of CVC yarns and pure cotton yarns was less than nylon/cotton yarns.

USTER TENSORAPID machine - Calculations for Tenacity and Elongation of Single Yarn

Compare the tensile strength of dry and wet cotton yarns by lea method and calculate their CLSP.

Abstract:

The strength along the length of a body is known as its tensile strength also called linear strength of that body. In the textile fibers or yarns only tensile strength is calculated due to high length to width ratio of the textile materials. The tensile strength values of the dry and wet cotton yarns varies very much from each other. The strength of wet cotton yarns is greater than that of dry cotton yarns. This is due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the water molecules and the hydroxyl groups in the cellulosic rings of the cotton fibers in the wet state. There is one phenomenon known to stand that when the cotton gets wet its crystalline region increases hence the strength of the fibrous structure increases.

Major Woolen Yarn Manufacturing Stages

The fleece coming from the sheep is put under many processes to make a woolen yarn that are described below:

Scouring

Previous to scouring, the wool as it comes from the sorter is in the majority cases passed through a machine known as duster. The object of dusting grease wools is, as far as possible, to remove before scouring such foreign impurities as lumps of dirt, dust, shives etc.
The operation that follows the dusting of wool is known as wool scouring or washing, and has for its object the cleansing of the wool from the natural and foreign

Raw Materials for Woolen Industry

Wool is the animal fiber forming the protective covering, or fleece, of sheep or of other hairy mammals, such as goats and camels. Prehistoric man, clothing himself with sheepskins, eventually learned to make yarn and fabric from their fiber covering. Selective sheep breeding eliminated most of the long, coarse hairs forming a protective outer coat, leaving the insulating fleecy undercoat of soft and fine fiber.

Impurities Present in Raw Wool

The proportions of the different components of unwashed or greasy wool are:

• Moisture = 4 – 24 %
• Yolk = 12 – 22 %
• Dirt = 3 – 9 %
• Wool Fibers = 60 – 70 %

Raw wool contains three main impurities

Woolen Yarn Manufacturing

Introduction

Wool fiber and hair fiber are the natural hair growth of certain animals and are composed of protein. Protein consists of complex organic compounds containing amino acids.
The Great Britain comes first into the story of wool as producer of raw material. The other chief producing countries are Australia, The USSR, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa, Uruguay and The United States.
The Wool Fiber is obtained from sheep. The breeding of sheep and the production of wool fiber are more costly processes than the cultivation of plant fibers. Consequently, wool fabrics are more expensive than cotton and linen.
Hair fibers have all the qualities of wool and, in general, are more expensive than wool. The hair fibers obtained from the certain animals are;

Differences between Woolen and Worsted Yarn Manufacturing Systems

There is a large difference between the spinning and manufacturing process of both woolen and worsted yarn. These are the two different systems through which different grades of yarns are produced from the wool taken from different animals like sheep, alpaca, rabbits, goats and llama.

Worsted Yarn Manufacturing

A fine smooth yarn spun from combed long staple wool. Worsted yarns are more tightly twisted than the bulkier woolen yarns. The soft, heavy yarn is strong and durable and is often used for sweaters. Worsted yarns are also used for fine dress fabrics and suit materials.